Identifiers and Description

Gene Model Identifier

TTHERM_00471820

Standard Name

MLH1 (Micronuclear Linker Histone )

Aliases

PreTt22590 | 56.m00294 | 3686.m00137

Description

MLH1 high mobility group (HMG)-box protein; Micronuclear linker histone polyprotein; contains linker histone peptides alpha, beta, delta and gamma; sequence not similar to typical histone H1; present in single copy in haploid genome; Upstream Binding Factor 1

Genome Browser (Macronucleus)

Full Screen View


Genome Browser (Micronucleus)

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External Links

Gene Ontology Annotations

Cellular Component

Biological Process

  • chromatin organization (IMP) | GO:0006325
  • heme A biosynthetic process (IEA) | GO:0006784
  • heme biosynthetic process (IEA) | GO:0006783
  • negative regulation of 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate catabolic process (IEA) | GO:1902642
  • negative regulation of PERK-mediated unfolded protein response (IEA) | GO:1903898
  • obsolete extracellular carbohydrate transport (IEA) | GO:0006859
  • ommochrome biosynthetic process (IEA) | GO:0006727
  • positive regulation of 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate catabolic process (IEA) | GO:1902643
  • propan-2-ol biosynthetic process (IEA) | GO:1902640
  • protein localization to old growing cell tip (IEA) | GO:1903858
  • regulation of 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate biosynthetic process (IEA) | GO:1902646
  • regulation of 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate catabolic process (IEA) | GO:1902641
  • regulation of DNA-templated transcription (IEP) | GO:0006355
  • regulation of phosphorus utilization (IEA) | GO:0006795
  • tertiary alcohol biosynthetic process (IEA) | GO:1902645

Domains

  • ( PF00505 ) HMG (high mobility group) box

Gene Expression Profile

Vegetative Cell Cycle (Zhang et al., 2023)

GeneMania

Tetrahymena Stock Center

  • ( SD01405 )
  • ( SD01406 )
  • ( SD01725 ) Macronucleus: Neo2 cassette inserted into coding of MLH1
  • ( SD01726 ) Macronucleus: Neo2 cassette inserted into coding of MLH1
  • ( SD02694 ) Macronucleus: Neo2 cassette inserted into coding of MLH1
  • ( SD02695 ) Macronucleus: Neo2 cassette inserted into coding of MLH1
  • ( SD02696 ) Macronucleus: Neo2 cassette inserted into coding of MLH1
  • ( SD02697 ) Macronucleus: Neo2 cassette inserted into coding of MLH1
  • ( SD02698 ) Macronucleus: Neo2 cassette inserted into coding of MLH1
  • ( SD02699 ) Macronucleus: Neo2 cassette inserted into coding of MLH1

Homologs

No Data fetched for Homologs

General Information

No. Gene Name(s) Paragraph Text
2215 MLH1, HHO1 The HHO1 gene encodes the macronuclear linker histone H1 protein; the MLH1 gene encodes a polyprotein comprising a set of four micronuclear linker histone proteins (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta) unrelated to Hho1p. Histone H1 and the MLH proteins are chromatin proteins that associate with the inter-nucleosomal (linker) DNA. T. thermophila has two nuclei, one of which is transcriptionally active (the macronucleus) and one that is silent during most of the life cycle (the micronucleus). Furthermore, the macronucleus undergoes amitosis, whereas the micronucleus undergoes typical mitosis. The fact that Hho1p and MLH proteins are found exclusively in the macronucleus and micronucleus, respectively, has led to studies of their function, or lack of function, in transcription regulation, mitosis, and amitosis. Surprisingly, an HHO1 knockout showed this gene to be non-essential; its main observable phenotype was an overall decondensation of macronuclear chromatin. MLH1 knockouts, which are also viable, showed a similar phenotype in the micronucleus.

Associated Literature

  1. Ref:31932604: Nabeel-Shah S, Ashraf K, Saettone A, Garg J, Derynck J, Lambert JP, Pearlman RE, Fillingham J (2020) Nucleus-specific linker histones Hho1 and Mlh1 form distinct protein interactions during growth, starvation and development in Tetrahymena thermophila. Scientific reports 10(1):168
  2. Ref:29882620: Iwamoto M, Mori C, Osakada H, Koujin T, Hiraoka Y, Haraguchi T (2018) Nuclear localization signal targeting to macronucleus and micronucleus in binucleated ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila. Genes to cells : devoted to molecular & cellular mechanisms 23(7):568-579
  3. Ref:8995382: Sweet MT, Carlson G, Cook RG, Nelson D, Allis CD (1997) Phosphorylation of linker histones by a protein kinase A-like activity in mitotic nuclei. The Journal of biological chemistry 272(2):916-23
  4. Ref:8760889: Liu X, Gorovsky MA (1996) Cloning and characterization of the major histone H2A genes completes the cloning and sequencing of known histone genes of Tetrahymena thermophila. Nucleic acids research 24(15):3023-30
  5. Ref:8947546: Sweet MT, Jones K, Allis CD (1996) Phosphorylation of linker histone is associated with transcriptional activation in a normally silent nucleus. The Journal of cell biology 135(5):1219-28
  6. Ref:7606784: Shen X, Yu L, Weir JW, Gorovsky MA (1995) Linker histones are not essential and affect chromatin condensation in vivo. Cell 82(1):47-56
  7. Ref:8264578: Wu M, Allis CD, Sweet MT, Cook RG, Thatcher TH, Gorovsky MA (1994) Four distinct and unusual linker proteins in a mitotically dividing nucleus are derived from a 71-kilodalton polyprotein, lack p34cdc2 sites, and contain protein kinase A sites. Molecular and cellular biology 14(1):10-20

Sequences 

>TTHERM_00471820(coding)
ATGAAAGATTTGCTTTTTATAAGTCAACAATAATAACATTAATTAAAATGCGGGTATCTT
TATTTAAAATTCAAAATAAATTATAATCATAAATTTACAAAATATAATTTATTAAAAGAT
TATTAAAAAAAATAATTTGACTCTTAAAAAAAAAAAGATCCTTCAAAAAAAATGGAATTA
AGAACTAAGACATTAAATATTTAACCTCCTAAGAAACCATTTTCTAATACCTATTAAGCT
TTCGTATTAGAAAAGAAGAATGCCTTAGGAAAGAATTTTGATAACAAGAAAGTTTAAGCT
GACTACAACAAATTATCCAATAATGAGAAAGAAAGACTCCAAAAGTTGGTTGATAATGCT
GAAGAGAAGTACAAAGAGGAACTATTCCACTACAACAATCACATCTAGGGAAAAGGTAAA
CAAAAATATGTTCCTTAAGTTAAAGTCCCTGAAAAGCCTAAAAAGCCTATTGGTAGCTTT
TTCCGTTTCCTAGAGGAAAACAGACAAAAGTACGCTGCTAAGCACAAAGACTTAACTAAC
GCTAAAATTTTGAAAATAATGTCAGAAGACTTTAACAATTTACCTCAAAAAGAAGTCAAG
GTATATGAAGATGCTTATTAGAAAGAATACGCTTAATACTTAGTTGAATTCAAGAAGTGG
AATGAAAAGTATGGTTAAGCTGCTCAAAAAAAACAAACTAAAAGAAAGAACTCTACTTCC
AAATCAAGAAGAAGCTCAAGTAAAGGAAAATCTTCTGTTTCTAAAGGAAGAACAAAATCC
ACTTCTTCAAAGAGAAGAGCTGATTCCTCAGCTTCTCAAGGTAGATCTCAATCTTCCTCA
TCAAACAGAAGAAAAGCTTCCAGCTCAAAGGACTAAAAAGGTACCCGCTCTTCAAGCAGA
AAGGCCTCTAATTCTAAAGGAAGAAAGAATTCAACTTCAAATAAAAGAAACTCCTCCTCA
TCTAGCAAAAGATCTTCTTCTTCTAAAAACAAAAAATCATCTTCTTCTAAGAACAAAAAA
TCTTCTTCTTCTAAAGGTAGAAAGTCTTCTTCATCTAGAGGTAGAAAAGCTTCATCTTCT
AAGAACAGAAAATCATCAAAATCAAAAGATAGAAAATCATCTTCCTCAAAAGGTAGAAAA
TCATCATCATCCTCAAAAAGCAATAAGAGAAAGGCTTCCAGTTCTAGAGGTAGAAAATCC
TCAAGCTCAAAGGGAAGAAAATCATCTAAATCATAAGAAAGAAAAAATTCTCATGCTGAT
ACCAGTAAACAAATGGAAGATGAAGGTTAAAAAAGAAGATAATCTAGCAGTTCAGCTAAA
AGAGATGAATCCTCAAAGAAAAGTAGAAGAAACTCTATGAAAGAAGCTAGAACAAAGAAA
GCCAACAATAAATCAGCTTCTAAAGCTTCAAAGAGTGGATCAAAATCCAAAGGTAAAAGT
GCCTCTAAGAGCAAAGGAAAATCATCTTCTAAAGGCAAAAACTCAAAATCTAGAAGTGCC
TCTAAGCCAAAATCAAATGCCGCTTAAAATTCCAACAATACCCATCAAACTGCTGATTCT
AGTGAAAATGCTTCTTCTACTACTCAAACTAGAACTAGAGGAAGACAAAGAGAATAAAAA
GATATGGTTAATGAAAAATCAAATAGCAAATCAAGCTCCAAGGGAAAGAAGAATTCAAAA
TCAAATACAAGATCAAAGTCTAAATCTAAATCTGCTTCTAAATCCAGAAAAAATGCTTCT
AAATCTAAGAAGGATACCACTAATCATGGAAGATAAACTAGATCTAAATCAAGATCTGAG
TCTAAGAGTAAATCTGAAGCTCCTAACAAGAATAGCAATAAGATGGAAGTAATTGAATAA
CCTAAAGAAGAATCCAGTGACAGAAAGAGAAGAGAATCAAGAAGTCAATCTGCTAAAAAA
ACCTCTGATAAGAAATCTAAAAATAGAAGTGACTCTAAGAAGATGACTGCCGAAGATCCT
AAGAAGAACAACGCAGAAGATTCTAAGGGTAAGAAAAAATCCAAAGAAGGAAAGACTGGA
GCTTATGGCAAGAAGGCAAATAAAAAATAATGA



>TTHERM_00471820(gene)
ATACTTATGAAAGATTTGCTTTTTATAAGTCAACAATAATAACATTAATTAAAATGCGGG
TATCTTTATTTAAAATTCAAAATAAATTATAATCATAAATTTACAAAATATAATTTATTA
AAAGATTATTAAAAAAAATAATTTGACTCTTAAAAAAAAAAAGATCCTTCAAAAAAAATG
GAATTAAGAACTAAGACATTAAATATTTAACCTCCTAAGAAACCATTTTCTAATACCTAT
TAAGCTTTCGTATTAGAAAAGAAGAATGCCTTAGGAAAGAATTTTGATAACAAGAAAGTT
TAAGCTGACTACAACAAATTATCCAATAATGAGAAAGAAAGACTCCAAAAGTTGGTTGAT
AATGCTGAAGAGAAGTACAAAGAGGAACTATTCCACTACAACAATCACATCTAGGGAAAA
GGTAAACAAAAATATGTTCCTTAAGTTAAAGTCCCTGAAAAGCCTAAAAAGCCTATTGGT
AGCTTTTTCCGTTTCCTAGAGGAAAACAGACAAAAGTACGCTGCTAAGCACAAAGACTTA
ACTAACGCTAAAATTTTGAAAATAATGTCAGAAGACTTTAACAATTTACCTCAAAAAGAA
GTCAAGGTATATGAAGATGCTTATTAGAAAGAATACGCTTAATACTTAGTTGAATTCAAG
AAGTGGAATGAAAAGTATGGTTAAGCTGCTCAAAAAAAACAAACTAAAAGAAAGAACTCT
ACTTCCAAATCAAGAAGAAGCTCAAGTAAAGGAAAATCTTCTGTTTCTAAAGGAAGAACA
AAATCCACTTCTTCAAAGAGAAGAGCTGATTCCTCAGCTTCTCAAGGTAGATCTCAATCT
TCCTCATCAAACAGAAGAAAAGCTTCCAGCTCAAAGGACTAAAAAGGTACCCGCTCTTCA
AGCAGAAAGGCCTCTAATTCTAAAGGAAGAAAGAATTCAACTTCAAATAAAAGAAACTCC
TCCTCATCTAGCAAAAGATCTTCTTCTTCTAAAAACAAAAAATCATCTTCTTCTAAGAAC
AAAAAATCTTCTTCTTCTAAAGGTAGAAAGTCTTCTTCATCTAGAGGTAGAAAAGCTTCA
TCTTCTAAGAACAGAAAATCATCAAAATCAAAAGATAGAAAATCATCTTCCTCAAAAGGT
AGAAAATCATCATCATCCTCAAAAAGCAATAAGAGAAAGGCTTCCAGTTCTAGAGGTAGA
AAATCCTCAAGCTCAAAGGGAAGAAAATCATCTAAATCATAAGAAAGAAAAAATTCTCAT
GCTGATACCAGTAAACAAATGGAAGATGAAGGTTAAAAAAGAAGATAATCTAGCAGTTCA
GCTAAAAGAGATGAATCCTCAAAGAAAAGTAGAAGAAACTCTATGAAAGAAGCTAGAACA
AAGAAAGCCAACAATAAATCAGCTTCTAAAGCTTCAAAGAGTGGATCAAAATCCAAAGGT
AAAAGTGCCTCTAAGAGCAAAGGAAAATCATCTTCTAAAGGCAAAAACTCAAAATCTAGA
AGTGCCTCTAAGCCAAAATCAAATGCCGCTTAAAATTCCAACAATACCCATCAAACTGCT
GATTCTAGTGAAAATGCTTCTTCTACTACTCAAACTAGAACTAGAGGAAGACAAAGAGAA
TAAAAAGATATGGTTAATGAAAAATCAAATAGCAAATCAAGCTCCAAGGGAAAGAAGAAT
TCAAAATCAAATACAAGATCAAAGTCTAAATCTAAATCTGCTTCTAAATCCAGAAAAAAT
GCTTCTAAATCTAAGAAGGATACCACTAATCATGGAAGATAAACTAGATCTAAATCAAGA
TCTGAGTCTAAGAGTAAATCTGAAGCTCCTAACAAGAATAGCAATAAGATGGAAGTAATT
GAATAACCTAAAGAAGAATCCAGTGACAGAAAGAGAAGAGAATCAAGAAGTCAATCTGCT
AAAAAAACCTCTGATAAGAAATCTAAAAATAGAAGTGACTCTAAGAAGATGACTGCCGAA
GATCCTAAGAAGAACAACGCAGAAGATTCTAAGGGTAAGAAAAAATCCAAAGAAGGAAAG
ACTGGAGCTTATGGCAAGAAGGCAAATAAAAAATAATGAGTTTGAAATGTTAAGTATCAA
CTTTAAACCTTATTTTTATTACGTTTATATTAATATTGAGTGATTTAATTTATTAAAATC
AATAATAATAAGTAGATAAAGAATTAGTTAATTAATTACAAAATAGTTGGATGGATACTT
CTACCTAGTAATCAATCAATCTATCTATCCTCTATTTAAAATTTTGAAATTTTGATTTGG
TATTTTAACAAATATTCACCATTATGTTAAATACCTCAATTTATACCTATACTATAAAAT
CAAACAATTTATCTATCTATCTAAAGCTTATAAACGAAGTAACTAATTTTGTCTTTCTTA
TCTACAAATCCATTTTGATTTTAACATCAATGAAATCTAAATTTATAAGAAAAAACTATA
ATTTTTCCTAAAATAATTATATAAAAACATAAATAAATACATAACTTCATTCATTCATTT
TGCAGATTACTATATATTT



>TTHERM_00471820(protein)
MKDLLFISQQQQHQLKCGYLYLKFKINYNHKFTKYNLLKDYQKKQFDSQKKKDPSKKMEL
RTKTLNIQPPKKPFSNTYQAFVLEKKNALGKNFDNKKVQADYNKLSNNEKERLQKLVDNA
EEKYKEELFHYNNHIQGKGKQKYVPQVKVPEKPKKPIGSFFRFLEENRQKYAAKHKDLTN
AKILKIMSEDFNNLPQKEVKVYEDAYQKEYAQYLVEFKKWNEKYGQAAQKKQTKRKNSTS
KSRRSSSKGKSSVSKGRTKSTSSKRRADSSASQGRSQSSSSNRRKASSSKDQKGTRSSSR
KASNSKGRKNSTSNKRNSSSSSKRSSSSKNKKSSSSKNKKSSSSKGRKSSSSRGRKASSS
KNRKSSKSKDRKSSSSKGRKSSSSSKSNKRKASSSRGRKSSSSKGRKSSKSQERKNSHAD
TSKQMEDEGQKRRQSSSSAKRDESSKKSRRNSMKEARTKKANNKSASKASKSGSKSKGKS
ASKSKGKSSSKGKNSKSRSASKPKSNAAQNSNNTHQTADSSENASSTTQTRTRGRQREQK
DMVNEKSNSKSSSKGKKNSKSNTRSKSKSKSASKSRKNASKSKKDTTNHGRQTRSKSRSE
SKSKSEAPNKNSNKMEVIEQPKEESSDRKRRESRSQSAKKTSDKKSKNRSDSKKMTAEDP
KKNNAEDSKGKKKSKEGKTGAYGKKANKKQ